Journal Of The Oriental Research Madras Vol XI

THE CORONATION ol TIIEIR MAJESTIES KIM.

GEORGE VI A Ol" KEN KI.IZAUKIII.

The Coronation «'f their \! nt-l was ivlrhralrd «m
May 12th with great P“ M, P icpiicaigs m England. Mr
on behalf of ourselves and «»ur Journal In-g in expros
mir sense ol profound loyally to the prison ot their Majesties
and lo the throne ol Vie EmjMrc. Tin- description ni
this magnificent ceremony that wv luw rod m the papas,
especially the article hy Mr. Frtdnck Grubb on •• the Crowning
ot King George” winch appeared in tie ^ Hindu' ol May 24
rentals to us in India, tin vencratoti with which tin Crown is
held by the |nroplc ol England a no the value that is attached hy
them to the ideas which the Crown symbolises. The sentiment
which instinctively ar<i«e in the hearts ot all Englishmen and
which manifested itself on this great occasion is an indication ol
their innate healthy conservatism which ha» been no! a little
responsible for steady and orderly progress in 'their country
and which has kept thrni prop* against the evils o( anarchy and
revolution which haw beset the other countries ol Europe.
Profound loyally to the tlwoite and to the Royal House,
which the commcnscnsc of the Englishman dictates as a rule ol
conduct, keeps him away from that mentality which leads the
citixen in other countries to accept and submit to militarism and
dictatorship.

It has been otlcn remarked -and this is one among the inan>
hall -truths current about our country— tlul loyally to the person
ol a King is a peculiarly oriental trait. Confirmation is sought
for it in the references Hut art found in Indian literature to the
King being the embodiment ol God on earth. Foreign writcis
about India, even assert that it is almost a routed religious
instinct with the Hindu. Hut a careful and critical student ol
ancient Indian literature .rnd history will not lad lo observe that
loyalty to the King has only been regarded in India as a duty
which involves and implies the reciprocal duties of the King
towards his subjects. It may be Hue that veneration for kuag
ship is a dominant characteristic of the Indian mind/ B>« at
must be noted that it is based not on mere instmdf. but on a

II

a.nviclion that sovereignty implies good government which
ui.iiiil.uiis Hit* pun and orderliness scci.ty. The Indian
mind into, always abhorred die idea •< Arajafc.i, a word wltfise
English «'<|iiivukiil i» auaichy. The S.'inud llhagavata say* that
i! was due In the aNi<rtViicc Ai.«pLi llul llie great U sis
i n 'It 1 1 ed even King Vena on llu lhr< an*. Loyally lias, thcielurc,
■More i politic il basis llhin mil it -«• Mid Ike icCipmdtyuf (In
obligation* nl I Ik* King and lo* -objects i* a ianliii.il element in
die Hindu conception ol il. lienee, it Ims I mil llu Custom Ini
Kings m Ancient IikIi.i at (lie lime •>! llim Osculation In exliihil
llkir feeling* nl li.ve Inwards their subject* in many ways, lor
example, by ginimu* gill', release nl prisoner*, great hmci.it-
liuns like digging •-! lank*. cnitolructiun «d public building* and
temple* and Iniinilalions nl t'liuirfir* — . lealurc w hich is IM <t pro-
inincnlon the ccadun nl CUtNiiiiui ammonim ol King* in
England ami olhei Western crointrin rensin India, at the
pirsent day, I he Crown nl England under the IWili-h Kill pile
>\iuIh<Iim* I lie txnicnce oi a sliuiig Central Government, I lie
need mr w hich In* iliriy- l»ei n u Il ihrtnighoul Indian history,
lur, whenever lie CVnlr.il Government h.% l*ecn weak, India
has sullar.'d. Xowavlay* |n.«, und.-r lirilith rule, lire policy ol
loo much pruvlnculualKHi md drcenlralication has been con-
deinn.d and l.u -seeing statesmanship among public men in India
lias ulway* hem on the side cd a policy I Ihe maiiileniince nl a
strong Central Government which will |>mnmtr Ihe unity ol
India ami the lecling ol srthdarily aiming its people. In ancient
days too, the mastermind* ot India lave always hinged lot tin
grand conception! id a singV* Kmpcror .4 Inch.. Kalidasa loved
to picture il and Sankara Ik wailed the degeneracy o| Ins days
winch made a .Narva bhauma Ksailriya unknown in Ins limes, and
llie Tamil Soul Appar in one ol hi» Uautihil devotional songs
extolled llie sole sovereignly nl llie whole country* a* onnlerring
Ihe highest material h ippincv* upnu peprde.

The Impeml thn.ru oc England wdl hud an ..hiding place
m llie hearts ol its numcrou. Indian subject* by ils beneficent
influence in securing Ihe c nl.rnienl trcrdoin on India. May
we then lure hope ami lr..*l lhai the Ihronc ol England would
continue in greater degree l«. I«c Ihe *y iab.il «d peace and orderly
progress tliiuughooi Un- Empire ami .d the speedy rndution ol
India into a self -governing dominion!

"Weal lu the people! and #<*1 governance, may the Sove-
reign vouchsafe. To llic sacred coir ami the suiuth custodian of
culture, weal lor ever! and happiness In all 1 '*
fr.ijuhfiy.ih f.inful.iy, uilum
uyayyttut mUrftaa nuihim mahiiuk |
livbnilnu.iHebhy.jh ihbk.unailu ui / v.iin
ivkah i/iMdildk iukhino bkaiuulu ti"

SANSKRIT LEARNING IN THE CTil.A EMPIRE.

IlY

K. A. XlLAKAN'TlIA SASTKL

Tamil aikMc blamed it* high-water mark under iIh Cola
i’in|K-u>es ui the house .d Vijayaliya. Kn-n the U-ntli 10

llu- close of I lie lliirieenlli I hey ruled South India with rir«- dis-
lincliou and bestowed on the country the benefits ..I a strong,
unified and enlightened administration. In those dav» the Cola
empire wan a power «bt>« cuhur.il influence permeated the most
distant lands. Learning and the aits i revived a great impetus,
and the most hrilliant epoch in the political annals U Souther..
India is marked also by splendid achievement* in the realm* ol
literature, philosophy and fine arts.

The culture of this great age was a composite culture, the
result of the interaction through centuries between southern and
m Ml Inf n influences, at once Tamil and Sanskrit ic in its mspiia-
lion, a truly South Imlian thing. And tlierc is nothing unique
in tin'. When two cull nits originally independent, come into
contact, and the* Contact is sustained foi a period sufficiently
long, there always emerge* a new culture which dr..* s sustenance
from both the original cultures and yet pereejJibly dillen. from
them. Such was the result of the further spread of Hindu in-
fluences from South India across the Mac to thr Malay penin-
*u la, the Archipelago and lnd.wCI.uia. And tlierr is no reason
to suppose that III. pt«ev* and the rcs.ilt difllicd at Ml lailirr
stage ol the formation and spread of Hindu culture.

In tlic conscionxKsa <4 the people ol the Cola empire, in
tact, there was ever present a vivid mm* nl the debt they owed
to the Sanskrit language and culture, and tins comes out clearly
in the numerous inscriptions of tli .. Ut4 '<">■< 'diking
literary references. Thro.iglK.ut tlic hundred* ol villages which
flourished in the empire, numerous endowments were created for
all kinds of purposes, and several .4 the**- we re cai-uiai ked for Un-
promotion of the study of one Veda o* another, a system of philo-
sophy nr ritual, grammar, rhetoric ami «o mi. and lor the holding
of periodical competition* and the award of prizes for the most
proficient among the competitor*. The exposition in temples of
the Katnayana and Mahabhirata and Puianas of a sectarian

fVol. XI. Tan i.|

2 JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH

character was also provided (or. Besides these relatively minor
endowments tor the study ol individual subjects in different
centres, their were large-sixed residential colleges, each with teas
ol teachers and scores ol pupils pursuing all the different Vedas
and Sastras simultaneously. The most conspicuous examples ol
such residential colleges in the enjoyment ol considerable endow-
ments were those at Ennayiram, Tiibhuvani and Tirmnukkudal.
There must have been others but we have now no definite know-
ledge ol them.

Everyone knows that the age of the Colas was the golden
age ol Tamil literature, and that the courts ol tlicse emperor* and
their vassal, were adorned hy poets of the first magnitude like
Jayahkondar, 0(|akku!lan, Sckkilai and Kainhan. But it is not
as well known that the same age also witnessed much excellent
work earned on in the realm ol Sanskrit. A great BhSsya on
the Rgveda was composed on the hanks r» I the Kivcrl in the
reign ol the great king P.uantaka I, (907-53 A. D.) also called
Vira C6|a. Madhara, the son i.l Vciila|irya and Sundarl, and
author of this extensive and important work, states expressly that
he lived happily in the C61a country when lie wrote lus work:—

"Jagatimrkavirasya c&lefu nivasan sukhani |
tiram-iiritya mvaun k Avery A dak^i^am sukhaip||"
and so on. The tradition ol patronising Sanskrit authors
was continued hy the successors ol Pari n taka through several
generations. Thus we see that Rajaraja II (1146-70 A. D.)
commissioned a certain Kesavasvami, who was already in
his service, to undertake a work which the monarch had
long had in mind. nr. the compilation, lor the benefit ol
young pupils, ol a lexicon in which words would be arranged in
their alphabetical order lor easy returnee! and their different
meanings expounded. The result was the production ol the
Ndndrlhdrnavautnkjtpa, a work that has fortunately come down
to us in its entirety and may now he read in an excellent edition
by Mahamahopidhyaya T. Ganapati Sistri in the Trivandrum
Sankrit Series. The language in which the king’s command is
reported shows the personal interest ol the monarch in the enter-
prise and its proper execution, and give* u% the same kind ol im-
pression as UmSfXitisiva’s narration ol the circumstances leading
to the composition of the Pcriya Ptndnam in the reign ol Raja-
rajas lather, Kulottunga II, Anapiya. Surely the Cola emperors
lelt like a sage writer ol a later time:

£0Qui#i SsQiffu Ajtmuj
IVoL XI. Parti.]

LINGUISTIC -PRESERVATIONS- IN MALAYALAM.

hv

I- V. Namaswaui Al VAk, U.A., U.L.

(Maharaja's College, ErnaMat*.)

Malaya) mi which in its earliest stages was more allied 1o
what I have denominated Early Middle Tamil tlwn to any other
Dravidian speech, has actively preserved, with the modifications
induced by lapse ol time, in both the lilcraiy and the colloquial
varieties ol modern speech a number of team res which, though
current in the older stages ol Tamil, have disappeared to-day
in many (Ollcqiiiat varieties ol this East Coast speech.

These “prisrrvatiuin" in Mai. are mostly features mirrored
in Early Middle Tamil, tlv ugh tlicre are a lew which may have
to !>o tr.icerl to an earlier stage ol Tamil and marked off as
• 'archaisms’ 1 ol the West Coast dialect.

The modern Tamil culloquuN with which I have compared
these features of modern Mai. are lbu»< spoken in the districts
ol Trichy and Tanjorc I am told that the Jaffna colloquial has
several peculiarities »*t it- own; hut :•» I have nol yet had the
opportunity of sludying these peculiarities, I have confined my
observations irt thn essay to the colloquial* of Trichy and Tanjore,
which might he said to represent (in a very rough way indeed)
South Indian colloquial Tamil.

The Mai. “preservations” discussed here are alike literary and
colloquial to-day; further, they arc everywhere commonly used
in Malabar.

I have traced the evolution ol these Mai. features elsewhere.

t. r is a valkjuttu according to the Tamil grammatical
tradition [cl. Tol. EL, 19], but in many Tamil-speaking areas it
i*. given the value of a sibilant s when it occurs in initial positions.
Medially, what is represented with the symbol tor short t is also
evaluated as a. The sound uf f in medial «, rt, it [the latter two
groups occurring :u sandhi resultants] and ol / in the group H j is

| \ el. XI, Part i-J

4

JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH

that of an affricate constituted of an uncxplodcd plosive element
and the sibilant.

In Mai., initial r, medial and j in 8/ are evaluated always
as affricates.

That the affneate value tor r- in initial positions may have
been older at least in a number of native instances is indicated
by (i) the evidence of Tulkippiyam, ( if) the evaluation of t - as
an affricate in other Dravidian languages like Tekigu, (in') the
existence of tl>e affricate value in regional colloquial* ot Tamil
(e.g., in Tmncvclly), (it ) the history of the initial r- of a number
of Tam. — Mai. words corresponding to words with initial t- in
other Dravidian languages like Kannada (and Hiahui), in which
instances one can postulate the palatalisation ot the velar (to a
palatal stop) and then the assentation ot this stop to an affricate
value.

2. The palatal nasal i occurs initially in modem Tamil
colloquial only in adaptation* from Skt. like Myam [Skt.;8dna],
naf.ikaiu (Ski. /id/sriuj and occaMonally iOyam (Skt. nydyo].
The initial 8- ot old native words like AdR, Myir», etc. i*
brought out in Tamil colloquial* to-day only with the value of an
alveolar point-nasal y. Tlie process of change appears to have
started III the colloquial* from at least the Late Middle Tamil
period, inasmuch a* the inscriptions of th-s period have instances
like the fallowing with the bUde-dental n in the stead of 8: —

•«i ufu [with the blade-dental n foi 8J inSli, 11, p. 121.
uiyazru [ .. ] «n SII, 111, p. 240.

The blade-dental n in initial positions was also gradually
replaced by the point-nasal alveolar n from about this period (see
below). The modern colloquial* have thus come to possess the
alveolar y for 8 initially in these words.

Mai., however, has preserved the old initial 8 ‘'scrupulously"
in words like nttiuju, nJn, Aoyufufua 'Sunday’, tuiin-Hannu ‘day
before yesterday’ [<«■>»- 8dyr*J, id/., etc. So “popular” has
8- been in Mai. that it shows 8- in 8d;i *1' [Tam. yrdn, ndp] and
fidnruil, nahnal 'we', the Tamil cognates of which do nol have 8-
at any stage. — Further, derivative long 88 was also evolved in the
earliest stages of MaL from older ij and from SkL nj.

Tamil literary 8- in initial positions is to be traced to
different source*: —

|Vol. XI. Fart L]

LINGUISTIC "PRESERVATIONS” IN* MALAY A^M 5

(i) Old native A-. as in uau4", Un, etc. Modern Tamil
colloquial* have replaced it with alveola: 11 , wink Mai. preserve;,
il.

(li) The sandhi meeting ol -ni or -y (ol monosyllables)
with the blade-dental n following, as in ai-H-iQri. This change
is mentioned in Viracoliyam [Candippadalain, I7J and in Nagnul
124. Modern Mai. aflAArn preserve* the old II, while I have
heard only aiij-tjiiru or tiijijOru [with the alveolar pp in these two
last -mentioned instances] in the Tamil colloquial* with which
I am acquainted.

(in) Middle Tamil mscriptional i-A-n<t/*ar4//r< [Sll, III,
p. 269], i- n- Mi/.nii [ifc., HI, p. 254 J owe their »i (instead ol the
normal blade-denial n) to the same phonetic principle that
underlies the change in (n) abuse.

Neither Tamil noi Mai. preserves this A.

(rv) Sandhi meeting ol p and y, m »»«in Ad lift [Tol. Eh,
H7J. This opti.in.il A is not met with m the present-day speech
ol Mai. or of Tamil.

(r) Adaptation ol Skt. ji-, try - (or ;:) —

Adpoiam, Adiraw, vie. appear m Old Mai.; to^iay, however,
Skt. / A is “correctly" evaluated by those who know Sanskrit.
Adyirni for Skt. nyOya is. however, quite frequently heard in Mai.
speech.

3. The blade-denial m has always been distinguished trom
the point- nasal alveolar p in Tamil grammatical tradition. The
descriptions of these sounds in Tol. El., 93 and 94 make these
points clear. For the dental m, Sutra 93 refers to the slightly
spread-out character ol the tongnc-blade ("udmipi patnndu")
and to the dental position (/wpimn/np Muirwii^ip"). For the
alveolar p, the bare reference to iinnitta ‘tongue-tip' shows the
"coronal" charadei of the sound.

This distinction is kept up clearly m Mai. pronunciation,
while colloquial Tamil uses the point-nasal alveolar everywhere
except m the group ud.

The tendency to replace the blade-dental hy the alveolar is
already reflected in Middle Tamil colloquial instances like the
lollowmg: —

twl-ulakkit [Sll, I, p. 113.]

Hoyanarkku [ifc., I, p. 118.J

iVot. XI, Part i.J

It

JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH

Though literary Tamil, as written to-day, correctly uses the
symbols tor the blade-dental and the alveolar, little difference is
made in the actual evaluation of the two sounds.

In Mai. the distinction has never been forgotten or confused.
Cf. the following observations of the fourteenth-century grammar
Lilitilakam on the subject:—

ilhdiutbhalo'pyailt. tiaUrs lya dautah t Ihdnam.

karnnnni In laJd j lArdyri nsldrah. nak\rasya murdha. Intra
fihvdgrayfOHiialih.

Mai., in its earliest stages, also developed the long dental
derivative mi from older sounds [(i) old ml (it) old pr i.c., the
group constituted of the alveobr nasal and the alveolar plosive,
(mi) Skt. pi].

4. Tlie long alveolar plosive II is evaluated as a pure alveolar
in both literary and colloquial Mai..' while in the colloquial Tamil
of South India* the tendency to use the long blade-dental plosive
value II has been conspicuous from at hast the period of the com-
mentary on Viracoliyam which [kiriyapadappadalam, 12] refers
lo the ‘'corrupt'' practice of using -//- instead of alveolar II in
instances like olliikkdJ and <ttl*nilam.

In the Tamil colloquuls of South India, the blade-dental II
(sometime* "palatalised" lo u by preceding front vowels) is com-
monly used for the alveolar II in nouns like kdllu, verh-hases like
til-, past Mem* like fill-, third person "irrational" finiles like
djillu, rtccii [<i){t)//m <AyiUu <dytffN.] etc.

5. MaJ. forms like uydatln. mala-y-ollu, Un,-v-all„, „,/<).
t-,illu, etc. have a ‘locative" force with the force of "at", and are
governed by verbs. Such forms are quite common and frequent

1. The dental group -It-, instead of the "correct" alveolar
group, is heard sometimes in Mai. in ellAltilum and m the mass-
colloquial lltinml | <ivorn*i«d/J. The long alveolar plosive is.
however, so deep-rooted in Malayati articulation that after the
front vowel i. even the long cerebral It is in regional evaluation
converted into a long alveolar.

2. I learn that till very recently the long alveolar // l=rr in
writmgl and the alveolar group nd [~nr in writing] were evalu-
ated with "correct values in the colloquial of Jaffna.

|Yol. XI. Part i.|

LINGUISTIC '•PRESERVATIONS" IN MALAYALAM 7

m lileiature and in the colloquial*. The Mitlu here u> the augment
. all - (appearing in inflexional forms of words with final -am;
cf. Tol. El., 186) transferred by analogy to bases like veyyi I,
I HU la, tern, etc. with which thss augment is normally not
associated.

This analogical transference is not a new one in Mul., how-
ever. Sutras 242, 243. 288. 306. 378 and 403 of Tol. El. refer to
the use of the augment -ntt- in connection with matat, pain, rah,
vin, teytl and irw/ respectively.

In th? connection, I may also mention that hoth the literary
and the colloquial varieties of Mai. use to-day forms afrltn vamm
‘cane inside' puratiii pOyi ‘went outside’, etc. in which the origi-
nal augment - alt - is employed without any other “casal” nr
“post-positional" ending, to denote a locative meaning. Such a
usage (though current in literary Tamil) is foreign to the Tam.
colloquial* that I know of.

ti. The representative of Id l, one of the post -posit ions with
,i seventh cam: force [Tol. CoL,82; Nannfil, 302] is very active in
Mai. to-day (with its vowel shortened at a very early stage) in
(orms like padikkal ‘at or near the gate’, vddil-k-tal, etc.

Modern Tam. colloqual* do not appear to have this post-
position.

7. The use of the augment -in- in the inflexional forms ol
nominal haws, particularly in genitives and datives, has been
“inherited" (With some modifications) from the “parent" speech
of the West Coast, closely allied to Early Middle Tamil.

The modern colloquiah of Tamil generally eschew the use
ol the augment -in- in inflexional positions:— vitfnkku, fii-v-ukbi,
etc.

*. According to ToL E]., 20^ [cf. also Nagnul, 163], the
long demonstratives u and I arc to be met with only in poetry
even in the Tamil of that period, as in d-y-tdai, l.vaymdna.
These long demonstratives are not met with in modern Tamil
colloquials. Even in the literary dialect, they arc rarely employed
to-day.

These long demonstratives have been active in Mai. from
the earliest known stages. Kannada and Telugu also have these
long demonsfratives.

| VoL XI, Pari i.J

8

JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH

9. The inflexional base inn- ol the second person sing,
pronoun nl, is certainly a very old archaism in the West Coast
speech, since even during the Middle Tamil period hw- luul
begun to exercise dominance in Tamil.

10. The third person "mt tonal" plural pronoun <n>ar stands
m Mai. lor “normal plurality”, as well as lor “honorific plurality"
with reference to women. In colloquial Tamil arar has usually
only an honorific value, while real plurality is denoted by avdf
< avargal. Mai. av,ir/>al is exclusively honorific.

11. The inflexional hases unrff., rnoff- 1 ol the uon-ralional
plural urn and mi are still used in Mai., though irttrictcd in
application lo cattle and sometimes to “low-caste" people. The
modern Tamil colloquial* employ only ihlufat, ktugaf in these
contexts.

12. The causatives with the so-called -ri-, -W-, -tft; which
are rare in Jvihgam Tamil but appear numerously in post-Sartgam
literature, are not widely represented in the South Indian
colloquial Tamil speech ol to-day. In the Trichy and Tanjorc
dialects I have heard only a lew like Kdmi ( <Kdnbi ), Icnn,
tar mm.

In Mai., the causatives ol Ibis type with the endings -vi or -i
and -pp- are Irequent and well-rooted in colloquial speech.

13. The characteristic Mai. present tense ending -mifi-
[with the blade-dental mu] is derived ultimately Irom -ipr- cog-
nate with Early Middle Tamil present tense ending -g-i yr-.

But the Tamil present ten** ending used in modern collo-
quial* is -if- or -g-rr-.a variant of -g-inr- [with loss of the nasal ?].
This -g-fr- appears to have gained currency in the late Middle
Tamil period; ami it is mentioned in Viracohyam [Kiriyapadap-
padalam, 4].

14. The adverbial future participles ol the type ol raruvan,
kaftan [ < Aiinmd*; Tain, fcinhin], ami tduppdn are indispensable
in MaL to-day both in literary speech and in the colloquial
dialects.

1. The symbol rr used in the transliteration of Mai. words in
this essay stands for the long alveolar plosive (without any such r-
sound as is incorporated in the evaluation of literary Tamil).
[VoLXI. Part i-|

LINGUISTIC M PRESERVATION'S" IN MALAYALAM 9

In Tamil colloquial*. 1 have heard the type used only in
contexts like nirurtiij ,'ij ?

Tliis type with raff, fpibi bee. line active in the Early Middle
Tamil period and was evolved from syntactic modifications of
original future linitcs and participial nouns. In Mai., the type
has been preserved with different syntactic functions, chief
among these being it* use as a ••purposc , '-participlc (in which
respect it displaced tin old inhmtivc participle with the signi-
fication ol “purpose”), while m modem colloquial Tamil the
use ol the type under reference has become limited to rnrrirdff

fV ?, etc.

15. Mai. relative ptrficipfcs ol the type of tyiya, p&dtya
show -y., while colloquial Tamil lias -*i- in •'xfiya, pijitfa,

etc.

The type of difiya was almost exclusive in Saiigam Tamil in
relative participle*; in Early .Middle Tamil both tin* type and that
of Ajnja are met with.

16. Mai colloquial* (*» wcl1 *' I he literary speech) employ
the old optative ot the type of tty la, as a polite second personal
imperative to-day.

I have not heard this type used as a second personal impcra-
live in the Tamil cMloquuN with which I am acquainted.

Used in Sadgam Tamil lot ihiid personal forms, it was asso-
ciated in Middle Tamil with «*thci persons also. Old Mai. used
it for the second and the third persons while New Mai. has con.
verted it into a polite second personal imperative.

17. The use ol ihc verbal nouns with -go or ~kka (corres-
ponding to those with Tamil gat or -kkat) is varied and frequent
in modem Mai. [sec my EMM. p. 87J.

In Tamil colloquial*. I have heard forms like mrttg/u-y-il,
teygai-y-dl, Sgat-y-iff-dl-t, but not the others which Mai. employs
to-day.

t8. The Mai. plural imperatives uf the type ot ctyyin
(<<cvnu). cdupfdg, lunnj. etc. aic used neither in the literary-
dialect ot Tamil nor in its colloquial varieties. The literary
dialect ol Tamil has -miff tor all forms.

|9. The Mai. negative finite of the type ot uyyuvn-tlia,
ceyil-Uhl correspond to fix Middle Tamil type ol ctygi>jr-tl-e>f,

|Vol. XL Pan i.J

XI— 2

iO JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH

etc. (with the personal endings in Tamil), uyJ-it-e n, etc. This
type is not hetird in the Tamil colloquuls with which 1 am
acquainted.

20. The Mai. type ol crjga-j-tila with a future (and in some
contexts an "indeterminate”) force is not represented in the
Tamil colloquial* under reference; but Middle Tamil used collo-
cations like ceygai-j-Mtdv, dgm-y-um undn, dgai-y-illai.

(V.I. XI. Perl i-1

THE NUMBER OK RASAS
HY

V. RaGHavan, M.A., Ph.d.

(Continued front Vol. X, Pt. iv, f. 353.)

V

The Text of the Abhiturrabhdrall on the Santa liata.

In lhi< section, I am presenting the text ol Ihc Ahhmava-
hharati nn the Sinta rao. It would liave been unnecessary to
give this text here, i( the text available in the Gaekw.id Edition
had not been w> error-ridden. The text presented here by me i.i
as corrected with the help of my Profenor, Mm. S. Kuppuswami
Sastriar. I give in the foot-notes the incorrect readings found in
the MS in the Madras Government Oriental MSS Library with
the letter • M and in the Gackwad Edition with Ihc letter
•r,". 1 There arc Mill a lew passages of which completely satisfy-
ing reconstruction has not hern possible. Alter the MS of this
text had been prepared lor the Press Pandit H. Sesha Aiyangar
nl the Kanarese Department of the Madras University placed at
my disposal the readings in two MSS Ol tbe Ahiunavahharati
from Mangiv Koil, which belong to If. II. the Jlyar of Mclkotc.
Some of the readings in these two Mangiv MSS supported Our
reconstructions while many agreed with those found in the
Gaek. Edition. Tw.. of the Mangav readings wire definitely
helpful and these are given, hrs.de>. a lew others, in secondary
foot-notes with the letters ‘A\ ‘If.

It is well known that Heinacandra, who reproducer whole
•actions from Abhinava. helps us a good deal in the task of re-
constructing the text of Ihc Abhinavahharati. The Santa Rasa
section in the Abhinavahharati is to be found, with the omission
of some parts, on p. 68 (text and com.), pp. 80-87 (com.) and
p. 96. (com.) of Hemacandra’s KavyAnnSasana. As pointed out
in the secondary foot-notes, Hcmacandra support* the two
MSngav readings selected by me. towards the close of the
section.

1. Vide Natya Sastra, Gaek. Edn., Vol. I, pp. 333-342.

IVoLXI, Parti.)